Every time I write about particle physics, I encounter a moment of uncertainty about a quantity that, at first glance, ought to be clear. How many kinds of elementary particles should I say there are?

Matter is made up of small particles called atoms. Atoms can exist on their own or together as molecules. Atoms are very small and around 100,000,000 of them end to end would measure 1 centimetre.

After decades of hunting, physicists still don’t know what makes up most of the universe’s matter. Now they need to cast a wider net.

VLP technology shows remarkable versatility. Dozens of vaccine candidates are in development for infectious diseases, inflammatory conditions and even cancer. These particles are made up of viral ...

Particle physics is the study of the elementary building blocks of matter and radiation and their interaction. The fundamental particles are summarised by the standard model. This includes leptons ...

1 mol is the amount of substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in 12.0 g of carbon-12.